What are some common emotional and psychological effects of domestic violence and abusive relationships on clients, and how can counsellors help clients navigate these challenges?

Common effects may include trauma symptoms such as PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder), anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, guilt, shame, and post-traumatic stress. Counsellors can provide psychoeducation on trauma responses, offer coping strategies, explore healing modalities, and support the client in processing emotional wounds.