Polyvagal Theory, developed by Stephen Porges, suggests that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has three primary states: the ventral vagal state (social engagement and safety), the sympathetic state (fight or flight), and the dorsal vagal state (shutdown or freeze). Understanding these states can help us recognise how clients’ physiological responses impact their emotional and behavioural responses. This theory is particularly relevant in counselling as it provides insight into clients’ trauma responses, helping us tailor interventions that promote safety and social connection.