Vicarious trauma refers to the emotional and psychological impact that therapists and caregivers experience as a result of repeatedly hearing about or witnessing clients’ traumatic experiences. It can lead to changes in worldview, emotional numbness, or difficulty in maintaining boundaries. Secondary traumatic stress, on the other hand, focuses more on the symptoms of trauma that arise from exposure to clients’ trauma narratives, such as anxiety, intrusive thoughts, and avoidance behaviours. Both can significantly affect a therapist’s well-being and effectiveness.